Background Patients with heart failure (HF) frequently suffer from undetected declines in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), which significantly increases their risk of poor outcomes. However, current ...

Data Normalization vs. Standardization is one of the most foundational yet often misunderstood topics in machine learning and ...

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States ...

Machine learning is an essential component of artificial intelligence. Whether it’s powering recommendation engines, fraud detection systems, self-driving cars, generative AI, or any of the countless ...